Glossary LIVES - User contributions [en]

Social network

2022-09-24T08:17:45Z

Vacchianom:

A social network is a set of actors and the ties between them (Wasserman & Faust, 1994). The study of the patterns of these ties is called Social Network Analysis (SNA), a field of study that has grown in recent decades across a wide range of disciplines (McCarthy et al, 2019). Through this approach, a countless number of economic and social processes can be represented and analyzed. Networks between people, [[Social groups|groups]], institutions, communities or nations, interacting to exchange information, social support, transfer money or manage conflicts, to name just a few examples (Wellman & Berkowitz, 2006). In the context of [[Life course|life courses]], the concept of social network has often been used through the notion of 'social convoy': this is the set of personal relationships that accompany individuals through life course segments, such as [[Family ties|family members]] or close friends (Antonucci et al., 2019; Bidart et al., 2020; Widmer, 2006). This puts the concept of social network to the forefront for one of the principles of the [[Life course|life course]], such as that of 'linked lives'. Currently, scholars are working to strengthen the links between social network analysis and [[Life course|life course]] research (Alwin et al., 2019; Vacchiano & Spini, 2021) 
 
Author: Mattia Vacchiano 
 
==References==
Alwin, D. F., Felmlee, D. H., & Kreager, D. A. (2018). Together Through Time – Social Networks and the Life Course. In: Alwin D. Felmlee D., & Kreager D. (Eds.), Social Networks and the Life Course. Frontiers in Sociology and Social Research, vol 2, Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71544-5_1 
Antonucci, T. C., Ajrouch, K. J., Webster, N. J., & Zahodne, L. B. (2019). Social relations across the life span: Scientific advances, emerging issues, and future challenges. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 1, 313–336. 
Bidart, C., Degenne, A., & Grossetti, M. (2020). Living in networks: The dynamics of social relations. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. 
McCarty, C., Lubbers, M. J., Vacca, R., & Molina, J. L. (2019). Conducting personal network research: A practicalguide. New York: Guilford Publishers. 
Vacchiano M and Spini D (2021) Networked lives. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 51: 87–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.12265 
Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis: Methods and applications. New York: Cambridge University Press. 
Wellman, B., & Berkowitz, S. D. (1988). Social structures: A network approach. Cambridge. Cambridge University press. 
Widmer, E. D. (2006). Who are my family members? Bridging and binding social capital in family configurations. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 23(6), 979–998. 

==Semantic network visualisation==
Click to activate zoom- and drag-fonctionnality
''(scroll to zoom, drag nodes to move, click and hold nodes to open next level)''
{{#network:
| class = col-lg-3 mt-0
| exclude = Main Page ; Sitemap ; Worksheet
}}

Social network

2022-09-24T08:17:02Z

Vacchianom:

A social network is a set of actors and the ties between them (Wasserman & Faust, 1994). The study of the patterns of these ties is called social network analysis, a field of study that has grown in recent decades across a wide range of disciplines (McCarthy et al, 2019). Through this approach, a countless number of economic and social processes can be represented and analyzed. Networks between people, [[Social groups|groups]], institutions, communities or nations, interacting to exchange information, social support, transfer money or manage conflicts, to name just a few examples (Wellman & Berkowitz, 2006). In the context of [[Life course|life courses]], the concept of social network has often been used through the notion of 'social convoy': this is the set of personal relationships that accompany individuals through life course segments, such as [[Family ties|family members]] or close friends (Antonucci et al., 2019; Bidart et al., 2020; Widmer, 2006). This puts the concept of social network to the forefront for one of the principles of the [[Life course|life course]], such as that of 'linked lives'. Currently, scholars are working to strengthen the links between social network analysis and [[Life course|life course]] research (Alwin et al., 2019; Vacchiano & Spini, 2021) 
 
Author: Mattia Vacchiano 
 
==References==
Alwin, D. F., Felmlee, D. H., & Kreager, D. A. (2018). Together Through Time – Social Networks and the Life Course. In: Alwin D. Felmlee D., & Kreager D. (Eds.), Social Networks and the Life Course. Frontiers in Sociology and Social Research, vol 2, Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71544-5_1 
Antonucci, T. C., Ajrouch, K. J., Webster, N. J., & Zahodne, L. B. (2019). Social relations across the life span: Scientific advances, emerging issues, and future challenges. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 1, 313–336. 
Bidart, C., Degenne, A., & Grossetti, M. (2020). Living in networks: The dynamics of social relations. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. 
McCarty, C., Lubbers, M. J., Vacca, R., & Molina, J. L. (2019). Conducting personal network research: A practicalguide. New York: Guilford Publishers. 
Vacchiano M and Spini D (2021) Networked lives. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 51: 87–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.12265 
Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis: Methods and applications. New York: Cambridge University Press. 
Wellman, B., & Berkowitz, S. D. (1988). Social structures: A network approach. Cambridge. Cambridge University press. 
Widmer, E. D. (2006). Who are my family members? Bridging and binding social capital in family configurations. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 23(6), 979–998. 

==Semantic network visualisation==
Click to activate zoom- and drag-fonctionnality
''(scroll to zoom, drag nodes to move, click and hold nodes to open next level)''
{{#network:
| class = col-lg-3 mt-0
| exclude = Main Page ; Sitemap ; Worksheet
}}

Social capital

2021-12-23T10:12:40Z

Vacchianom: /* References */

The notion of social capital expresses the idea that networks of relationships, in their multiple forms, have an intrinsic value that is beneficial for individual and collective action. Since the appearance of this concept in the academic field, studies on social capital have grown exponentially in different body of literature, thus constituting a vast and heterogeneous production. Although the positive effect of networks is a classic issue in social sciences—e.g., a subject already addressed by Tönnies' Gemeinschaft/Gesellschaft debate or in the Durkheimian concept of anomie—the conceptualization of social capital provided new vitality to the study of social relationships starting from the late 80's. In addition, the exponential growth of social capital analyses made this concept goes beyond the academic barriers, capturing the interest of the institutional discourse and the political agenda (Portes, 1998).
 
 
==Origin of the concept==
Three authors are considered the main contributors to the initial disclosure of the concept of social capital: Robert Putnam, James Coleman and Pierre Bourdieu. For Putnam (2000) social capital is an expression of societal virtues. Communities with fruitful webs of connections, Putnam (2000) argues, generate a "stock" of social [[Resources|resources]] that facilitate the societal coordination, and that can also help individuals to achieve their purposes. Similarly, for Coleman (1988) the relationships within a community have a specific function: they facilitate agents’ actions to accomplish goals and needs. Compared to these perspectives, Bourdieu's vision on social capital put major emphasis on this notion as individual good. The reason is that in Bourdieu (1986) social capital is linked to the possession of an enduring network of relationship that provide potential [[Resources|resources]], such as information, influence, knowledge or social support. These [[Resources|resources]] represent thus a social capital that can be measured by looking the number of individual's connections, and also the volume of economic, cultural or symbolic capital possessed by each individual's ties (Bourdieu, 1986). Bourdieu's definition is what most is linked with Social Network Analysis (SNA) perspective (Wasserman and Faust, 2001).
 
 
==Current issues==
Many research areas on social capital have thus grown in the last three decades, such as labour market (Lin, 2001; Smith and Young, 2017; Vacchiano, 2021) and [[Family ties|family]] studies (Widmer, 2006), epidemiology (Valente, 2010), physical and mental health issues (Kawachi and Berkman, 2014; Ehsan et al., 2019). Theoretical and methodological advances have led to the conceptualization of different forms of bonding, bridging or linking social capital to understand the transmission of support (Rostila, 2011) or information (Granovetter, 1985) and how contacts link individuals to authorities (Szreter and Woolcock, 2004). SNA has contributed substantially to the conceptualization of these mechanisms (Burt, 2010), and it has now been considered a roadmap to strengthen links with the [[Life course|life course]] perspective (Alwin et al., 2018; Bidart et al., 2020; Vacchiano and Spini, 2021) and to extend inquiries on social capital to the digital world (Lu and Hampton, 2017). In addition, there is increasing emphasis among scholars on extending the analysis of what is called the 'dark side of social capital', and how networks can be a source of [[Vulnerability|vulnerability]] through conflicts and barriers to [[Resources|resources]] (Everett and Borgatti, 2014). Recent Lives work has proposed to conceptualize social capital as [[Reserves|reserves]] (Cullati et al., 2018). 
 
Authors: Mattia Vacchiano, Dario Spini, Olga Ganjour, Eric Widmer

==References==
Alwin, Duane F., Diane H. Felmlee, and Derek A. Kreager. 2018. ''Social Networks and the Life Course. Integrating the Development of Human Lives and Social Relational Networks''. Basel: Springer International Publishing. 
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. In ''Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education'' , edited by J. G. Richardson (pp. 241-58). New York : Greenwood. 
Bidart, C., Degenne, A., & Grossetti, M. (2020). Living in networks: The dynamics of social relations. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. 
Burt, R. S. (2010). ''Neighbor Networks''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
Burt, R. S. (1992). ''Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition''. Cambridge:Harvard Univesrity Press. 
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. ''American Journal of Sociology'', 94, S95-120. 
Cullati, S., Kliegel, M., & Widmer, E. D. (2018). Development of reserves over the life course and onset of vulnerability in later life. Nature Human Behaviour, 2, 551–558. 
Ehsan, A., Klaas, H. S., Bastianen, A., & Spini, D. (2019). Social capital and health: A systematic review of systematic reviews. ''SSM-population health'', 100425 
Everett, M., & Borgatti, S. (2014). Networks containing negative ties. ''Social Networks'', 38(1): 111–120. DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2014.03.005 
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness. ''American Journal of Sociology'', 91(3):481-510. 
Lin, N. (2001). ''Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action''. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. 
Lu,W., & Hampton, K. N. (2017). Beyond the power of networks. ''New Media & Society'', 19(6), 861–879. doi:10.1177/1461444815621514 
Kawachi, I., & Berkman, L. F. (2014). Social capital, social cohesion, and health. ''Social Epidemiology'', 2, 290–319. 
Putnam, R. D. (2000). ''Bowling Alone. The Collapse and Revival of AmericanCommunity''. New York: Touchstone. 
Rostila (2011). The facets of social capital. ''J. Theory Soc. Behav.'', 41 (3), 308- 326. 
Smith, S. S., & Young, K. A. (2017). Want, need, fit: The cultural logics of job-matching assistance. ''Work and Occupations'', 44(2), 171–209. 
Spini, D., Bernardi, L. & Oris, M. (2017). Vulnerability Across the LifeCourse. ''Research in Human Development'', 14:1, 1-4, DOI: 10.1080/15427609.2016.1268891 
Szreter, S. and Woolcock, M. (2004). Health by Association? Social Capital, Social Theory, and the Political Economy of Public Health.''International Journal of Epidemiology'' 33(4), 650–667. 
Vacchiano, M. (2021). Nine Mechanisms of Job-Searching and Job-Findings Through
Contacts Among Young Adults, Sociological Research Online,
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F13607804211009525. 
Vacchiano, M. and Spini, D. (2021) Networked lives. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 51,
87–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.12265 
Wasserman, S., and Katherine F. (1994). ''Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications''. New York: Cambridge University Press. 
Widmer, E. (2006). Who are my family members? Bridging and binding social capital in family configurations. ''J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh.'' 23, 979–998. 

==Semantic network visualisation==
Click to activate zoom- and drag-fonctionnality
''(scroll to zoom, drag nodes to move, click and hold nodes to open next level)''
{{#network:
| class = col-lg-3 mt-0
| exclude = Main Page ; Sitemap ; Worksheet
}}

Social capital

2021-12-23T10:09:50Z

Vacchianom: /* Current issues */

The notion of social capital expresses the idea that networks of relationships, in their multiple forms, have an intrinsic value that is beneficial for individual and collective action. Since the appearance of this concept in the academic field, studies on social capital have grown exponentially in different body of literature, thus constituting a vast and heterogeneous production. Although the positive effect of networks is a classic issue in social sciences—e.g., a subject already addressed by Tönnies' Gemeinschaft/Gesellschaft debate or in the Durkheimian concept of anomie—the conceptualization of social capital provided new vitality to the study of social relationships starting from the late 80's. In addition, the exponential growth of social capital analyses made this concept goes beyond the academic barriers, capturing the interest of the institutional discourse and the political agenda (Portes, 1998).
 
 
==Origin of the concept==
Three authors are considered the main contributors to the initial disclosure of the concept of social capital: Robert Putnam, James Coleman and Pierre Bourdieu. For Putnam (2000) social capital is an expression of societal virtues. Communities with fruitful webs of connections, Putnam (2000) argues, generate a "stock" of social [[Resources|resources]] that facilitate the societal coordination, and that can also help individuals to achieve their purposes. Similarly, for Coleman (1988) the relationships within a community have a specific function: they facilitate agents’ actions to accomplish goals and needs. Compared to these perspectives, Bourdieu's vision on social capital put major emphasis on this notion as individual good. The reason is that in Bourdieu (1986) social capital is linked to the possession of an enduring network of relationship that provide potential [[Resources|resources]], such as information, influence, knowledge or social support. These [[Resources|resources]] represent thus a social capital that can be measured by looking the number of individual's connections, and also the volume of economic, cultural or symbolic capital possessed by each individual's ties (Bourdieu, 1986). Bourdieu's definition is what most is linked with Social Network Analysis (SNA) perspective (Wasserman and Faust, 2001).
 
 
==Current issues==
Many research areas on social capital have thus grown in the last three decades, such as labour market (Lin, 2001; Smith and Young, 2017; Vacchiano, 2021) and [[Family ties|family]] studies (Widmer, 2006), epidemiology (Valente, 2010), physical and mental health issues (Kawachi and Berkman, 2014; Ehsan et al., 2019). Theoretical and methodological advances have led to the conceptualization of different forms of bonding, bridging or linking social capital to understand the transmission of support (Rostila, 2011) or information (Granovetter, 1985) and how contacts link individuals to authorities (Szreter and Woolcock, 2004). SNA has contributed substantially to the conceptualization of these mechanisms (Burt, 2010), and it has now been considered a roadmap to strengthen links with the [[Life course|life course]] perspective (Alwin et al., 2018; Bidart et al., 2020; Vacchiano and Spini, 2021) and to extend inquiries on social capital to the digital world (Lu and Hampton, 2017). In addition, there is increasing emphasis among scholars on extending the analysis of what is called the 'dark side of social capital', and how networks can be a source of [[Vulnerability|vulnerability]] through conflicts and barriers to [[Resources|resources]] (Everett and Borgatti, 2014). Recent Lives work has proposed to conceptualize social capital as [[Reserves|reserves]] (Cullati et al., 2018). 
 
Authors: Mattia Vacchiano, Dario Spini, Olga Ganjour, Eric Widmer

==References==
Alwin, Duane F., Diane H. Felmlee, and Derek A. Kreager. 2018. ''Social Networks and the Life Course. Integrating the Development of Human Lives and Social Relational Networks''. Basel: Springer International Publishing. 
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. In ''Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education'' , edited by J. G. Richardson (pp. 241-58). New York : Greenwood. 
Bidart, C., Degenne, A., & Grossetti, M. (2020). Living in networks: The dynamics of social relations. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. 
Burt, R. S. (2010). ''Neighbor Networks''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
Burt, R. S. (1992). ''Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition''. Cambridge:Harvard Univesrity Press. 
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. ''American Journal of Sociology'', 94, S95-120. 
Cullati, S., Kliegel, M., & Widmer, E. D. (2018). Development of reserves over the life course and onset of vulnerability in later life. Nature Human Behaviour, 2, 551–558. 
Ehsan, A., Klaas, H. S., Bastianen, A., & Spini, D. (2019). Social capital and health: A systematic review of systematic reviews. ''SSM-population health'', 100425 
Everett, M., & Borgatti, S. (2014). Networks containing negative ties. ''Social Networks'', 38(1): 111–120. DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2014.03.005 
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness. ''American Journal of Sociology'', 91(3):481-510. 
Lin, N. (2001). ''Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action''. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. 
Lu,W., & Hampton, K. N. (2017). Beyond the power of networks. ''New Media & Society'', 19(6), 861–879. doi:10.1177/1461444815621514 
Kawachi, I., & Berkman, L. F. (2014). Social capital, social cohesion, and health. ''Social Epidemiology'', 2, 290–319. 
Putnam, R. D. (2000). ''Bowling Alone. The Collapse and Revival of AmericanCommunity''. New York: Touchstone. 
Rostila (2011). The facets of social capital. ''J. Theory Soc. Behav.'', 41 (3), 308- 326. 
Smith, S. S., & Young, K. A. (2017). Want, need, fit: The cultural logics of job-matching assistance. ''Work and Occupations'', 44(2), 171–209. 
Spini, D., Bernardi, L. & Oris, M. (2017). Vulnerability Across the LifeCourse. ''Research in Human Development'', 14:1, 1-4, DOI: 10.1080/15427609.2016.1268891 
Szreter, S. and Woolcock, M. (2004). Health by Association? Social Capital, Social Theory, and the Political Economy of Public Health.''International Journal of Epidemiology'' 33(4), 650–667. 
Vacchiano, M. and Spini, D. (2021) Networked lives. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 51,
87–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.12265 
Wasserman, S., and Katherine F. (1994). ''Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications''. New York: Cambridge University Press. 
Widmer, E. (2006). Who are my family members? Bridging and binding social capital in family configurations. ''J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh.'' 23, 979–998. 

==Semantic network visualisation==
Click to activate zoom- and drag-fonctionnality
''(scroll to zoom, drag nodes to move, click and hold nodes to open next level)''
{{#network:
| class = col-lg-3 mt-0
| exclude = Main Page ; Sitemap ; Worksheet
}}

Social capital

2021-12-23T10:08:46Z

Vacchianom:

The notion of social capital expresses the idea that networks of relationships, in their multiple forms, have an intrinsic value that is beneficial for individual and collective action. Since the appearance of this concept in the academic field, studies on social capital have grown exponentially in different body of literature, thus constituting a vast and heterogeneous production. Although the positive effect of networks is a classic issue in social sciences—e.g., a subject already addressed by Tönnies' Gemeinschaft/Gesellschaft debate or in the Durkheimian concept of anomie—the conceptualization of social capital provided new vitality to the study of social relationships starting from the late 80's. In addition, the exponential growth of social capital analyses made this concept goes beyond the academic barriers, capturing the interest of the institutional discourse and the political agenda (Portes, 1998).
 
 
==Origin of the concept==
Three authors are considered the main contributors to the initial disclosure of the concept of social capital: Robert Putnam, James Coleman and Pierre Bourdieu. For Putnam (2000) social capital is an expression of societal virtues. Communities with fruitful webs of connections, Putnam (2000) argues, generate a "stock" of social [[Resources|resources]] that facilitate the societal coordination, and that can also help individuals to achieve their purposes. Similarly, for Coleman (1988) the relationships within a community have a specific function: they facilitate agents’ actions to accomplish goals and needs. Compared to these perspectives, Bourdieu's vision on social capital put major emphasis on this notion as individual good. The reason is that in Bourdieu (1986) social capital is linked to the possession of an enduring network of relationship that provide potential [[Resources|resources]], such as information, influence, knowledge or social support. These [[Resources|resources]] represent thus a social capital that can be measured by looking the number of individual's connections, and also the volume of economic, cultural or symbolic capital possessed by each individual's ties (Bourdieu, 1986). Bourdieu's definition is what most is linked with Social Network Analysis (SNA) perspective (Wasserman and Faust, 2001).
 
 
==Current issues==
Many research areas on social capital have thus grown in the last three decades, such as labour market (Lin, 2001; Smith and Young, 2017) and [[Family ties|family]] studies (Widmer, 2006), epidemiology (Valente, 2010), physical and mental health issues (Kawachi and Berkman, 2014; Ehsan et al., 2019). Theoretical and methodological advances have led to the conceptualization of different forms of bonding, bridging or linking social capital to understand the transmission of support (Rostila, 2011) or information (Granovetter, 1985) and how contacts link individuals to authorities (Szreter and Woolcock, 2004). SNA has contributed substantially to the conceptualization of these mechanisms (Burt, 2010), and it has now been considered a roadmap to strengthen links with the [[Life course|life course]] perspective (Alwin et al., 2018; Bidart et al., 2020; Vacchiano and Spini, 2021) and to extend inquiries on social capital to the digital world (Lu and Hampton, 2017). In addition, there is increasing emphasis among scholars on extending the analysis of what is called the 'dark side of social capital', and how networks can be a source of [[Vulnerability|vulnerability]] through conflicts and barriers to [[Resources|resources]] (Everett and Borgatti, 2014). Recent Lives work has proposed to conceptualize social capital as [[Reserves|reserves]] (Cullati et al., 2018). 
 
Authors: Mattia Vacchiano, Dario Spini, Olga Ganjour, Eric Widmer

==References==
Alwin, Duane F., Diane H. Felmlee, and Derek A. Kreager. 2018. ''Social Networks and the Life Course. Integrating the Development of Human Lives and Social Relational Networks''. Basel: Springer International Publishing. 
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. In ''Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education'' , edited by J. G. Richardson (pp. 241-58). New York : Greenwood. 
Bidart, C., Degenne, A., & Grossetti, M. (2020). Living in networks: The dynamics of social relations. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. 
Burt, R. S. (2010). ''Neighbor Networks''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
Burt, R. S. (1992). ''Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition''. Cambridge:Harvard Univesrity Press. 
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. ''American Journal of Sociology'', 94, S95-120. 
Cullati, S., Kliegel, M., & Widmer, E. D. (2018). Development of reserves over the life course and onset of vulnerability in later life. Nature Human Behaviour, 2, 551–558. 
Ehsan, A., Klaas, H. S., Bastianen, A., & Spini, D. (2019). Social capital and health: A systematic review of systematic reviews. ''SSM-population health'', 100425 
Everett, M., & Borgatti, S. (2014). Networks containing negative ties. ''Social Networks'', 38(1): 111–120. DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2014.03.005 
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness. ''American Journal of Sociology'', 91(3):481-510. 
Lin, N. (2001). ''Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action''. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. 
Lu,W., & Hampton, K. N. (2017). Beyond the power of networks. ''New Media & Society'', 19(6), 861–879. doi:10.1177/1461444815621514 
Kawachi, I., & Berkman, L. F. (2014). Social capital, social cohesion, and health. ''Social Epidemiology'', 2, 290–319. 
Putnam, R. D. (2000). ''Bowling Alone. The Collapse and Revival of AmericanCommunity''. New York: Touchstone. 
Rostila (2011). The facets of social capital. ''J. Theory Soc. Behav.'', 41 (3), 308- 326. 
Smith, S. S., & Young, K. A. (2017). Want, need, fit: The cultural logics of job-matching assistance. ''Work and Occupations'', 44(2), 171–209. 
Spini, D., Bernardi, L. & Oris, M. (2017). Vulnerability Across the LifeCourse. ''Research in Human Development'', 14:1, 1-4, DOI: 10.1080/15427609.2016.1268891 
Szreter, S. and Woolcock, M. (2004). Health by Association? Social Capital, Social Theory, and the Political Economy of Public Health.''International Journal of Epidemiology'' 33(4), 650–667. 
Vacchiano, M. and Spini, D. (2021) Networked lives. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 51,
87–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.12265 
Wasserman, S., and Katherine F. (1994). ''Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications''. New York: Cambridge University Press. 
Widmer, E. (2006). Who are my family members? Bridging and binding social capital in family configurations. ''J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh.'' 23, 979–998. 

==Semantic network visualisation==
Click to activate zoom- and drag-fonctionnality
''(scroll to zoom, drag nodes to move, click and hold nodes to open next level)''
{{#network:
| class = col-lg-3 mt-0
| exclude = Main Page ; Sitemap ; Worksheet
}}

Social capital

2021-10-05T14:00:27Z

Vacchianom:

The notion of social capital expresses the idea that networks of relationships, in their multiple forms, have an intrinsic value that is beneficial for individual and collective action. Since the appearance of this concept in the academic field, studies on social capital have grown exponentially in different body of literature, thus constituting a vast and heterogeneous production. Although the positive effect of networks is a classic issue in social sciences—e.g., a subject already addressed by Tönnies' Gemeinschaft/Gesellschaft debate or in the Durkheimian concept of anomie—the conceptualization of social capital provided new vitality to the study of social relationships starting from the late 80's. In addition, the exponential growth of social capital analyses made this concept goes beyond the academic barriers, capturing the interest of the institutional discourse and the political agenda (Portes, 1998).
 
 
==Origin of the concept==
Three authors are considered the main contributors to the initial disclosure of the concept of social capital: Robert Putnam, James Coleman and Pierre Bourdieu. For Putnam (2000) social capital is an expression of societal virtues. Communities with fruitful webs of connections, Putnam (2000) argues, generate a "stock" of social [[Resources|resources]] that facilitate the societal coordination, and that can also help individuals to achieve their purposes. Similarly, for Coleman (1988) the relationships within a community have a specific function: they facilitate agents’ actions to accomplish goals and needs. Compared to these perspectives, Bourdieu's vision on social capital put major emphasis on this notion as individual good. The reason is that in Bourdieu (1986) social capital is linked to the possession of an enduring network of relationship that provide potential [[Resources|resources]], such as information, influence, knowledge or social support. These [[Resources|resources]] represent thus a social capital that can be measured by looking the number of individual's connections, and also the volume of economic, cultural or symbolic capital possessed by each individual's ties (Bourdieu, 1986). Bourdieu's definition is what most is linked with Social Network Analysis (SNA) perspective (Wasserman and Faust, 2001).
 
 
==Current issues==
Many research areas on social capital have thus grown in the last three decades, such as labour market (Lin, 2001; Smith and Young, 2017) and [[Family ties|family]] studies (Widmer, 2006), epidemiology (Valente, 2010), physical and mental health issues (Kawachi and Berkman, 2014; Ehsan et al., 2019). Theoretical and methodological advances have led to the conceptualization of different forms of bonding, bridging or linking social capital to understand the transmission of support (Rostila, 2011) or information (Granovetter, 1985) and how contacts link individuals to authorities (Szreter and Woolcock, 2004). SNA has contributed substantially to the conceptualization of these mechanisms (Burt, 2010), and it has now been considered a roadmap to strengthen links with the [[Life course|life course]] perspective (Alwin et al., 2018; Bidart et al., 2020; Vacchiano and Spini, 2021) and to extend inquiries on social capital to the digital world (Lu and Hampton, 2017). In addition, there is increasing emphasis among scholars on extending the analysis of what is called the 'dark side of social capital', and how networks can be a source of [[Vulnerability|vulnerability]] through conflicts and barriers to [[Resources|resources]] (Everett and Borgatti, 2014). Recent Lives work has proposed to conceptualize social capital as [[Reserves|reserves]] (Cullati et al., 2018). 
 
Authors: Mattia Vacchiano, Dario Spini, Olga Ganjour, Eric Widmer

==References==
Alwin, Duane F., Diane H. Felmlee, and Derek A. Kreager. 2018. ''Social Networks and the Life Course. Integrating the Development of Human Lives and Social Relational Networks''. Basel: Springer International Publishing. 
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. In ''Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education'' , edited by J. G. Richardson (pp. 241-58). New York : Greenwood. 
Bidart, C., Degenne, A., & Grossetti, M. (2020). Living in networks: The dynamics of social relations. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. 
Burt, R. S. (2010). ''Neighbor Networks''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
Burt, R. S. (1992). ''Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition''. Cambridge:Harvard Univesrity Press. 
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. ''American Journal of Sociology'', 94, S95-120. 
Cullati, S., Kliegel, M., & Widmer, E. D. (2018). Development of reserves over the life course and onset of vulnerability in later life. Nature Human Behaviour, 2, 551–558. 
Ehsan, A., Klaas, H. S., Bastianen, A., & Spini, D. (2019). Social capital and health: A systematic review of systematic reviews. ''SSM-population health'', 100425 
Everett, M., & Borgatti, S. (2014). Networks containing negative ties. ''Social Networks'', 38(1): 111–120. DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2014.03.005 
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness. ''American Journal of Sociology'', 91(3):481-510. 
Lin, N. (2001). ''Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action''. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. 
Lu,W., & Hampton, K. N. (2017). Beyond the power of networks. ''New Media & Society'', 19(6), 861–879. doi:10.1177/1461444815621514 
Kawachi, I., & Berkman, L. F. (2014). Social capital, social cohesion, and health. ''Social Epidemiology'', 2, 290–319. 
Putnam, R. D. (2000). ''Bowling Alone. The Collapse and Revival of AmericanCommunity''. New York: Touchstone. 
Rostila (2011). The facets of social capital. ''J. Theory Soc. Behav.'', 41 (3), 308- 326. 
Smith, S. S., & Young, K. A. (2017). Want, need, fit: The cultural logics of job-matching assistance. ''Work and Occupations'', 44(2), 171–209. 
Spini, D., Bernardi, L. & Oris, M. (2017). Vulnerability Across the LifeCourse. ''Research in Human Development'', 14:1, 1-4, DOI: 10.1080/15427609.2016.1268891 
Szreter, S. and Woolcock, M. (2004). Health by Association? Social Capital, Social Theory, and the Political Economy of Public Health.''International Journal of Epidemiology'' 33(4), 650–667. 
Vacchiano, M. and Spini, D. (2021) Networked lives. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 51,
87–103. 
Wasserman, S., and Katherine F. (1994). ''Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications''. New York: Cambridge University Press. 
Widmer, E. (2006). Who are my family members? Bridging and binding social capital in family configurations. ''J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh.'' 23, 979–998. 

==Semantic network visualisation==
Click to activate zoom- and drag-fonctionnality
''(scroll to zoom, drag nodes to move, click and hold nodes to open next level)''
{{#network:
| class = col-lg-3 mt-0
| exclude = Main Page ; Sitemap ; Worksheet
}}

Social capital

2021-10-05T14:00:06Z

Vacchianom:

The notion of social capital expresses the idea that networks of relationships, in their multiple forms, have an intrinsic value that is beneficial for individual and collective action. Since the appearance of this concept in the academic field, studies on social capital have grown exponentially in different body of literature, thus constituting a vast and heterogeneous production. Although the positive effect of networks is a classic issue in social sciences—e.g., a subject already addressed by Tönnies' Gemeinschaft/Gesellschaft debate or in the Durkheimian concept of anomie—the conceptualization of social capital provided new vitality to the study of social relationships starting from the late 80's. In addition, the exponential growth of social capital analyses made this concept goes beyond the academic barriers, capturing the interest of the institutional discourse and the political agenda (Portes, 1998).
 
 
==Origin of the concept==
Three authors are considered the main contributors to the initial disclosure of the concept of social capital: Robert Putnam, James Coleman and Pierre Bourdieu. For Putnam (2000) social capital is an expression of societal virtues. Communities with fruitful webs of connections, Putnam (2000) argues, generate a "stock" of social [[Resources|resources]] that facilitate the societal coordination, and that can also help individuals to achieve their purposes. Similarly, for Coleman (1988) the relationships within a community have a specific function: they facilitate agents’ actions to accomplish goals and needs. Compared to these perspectives, Bourdieu's vision on social capital put major emphasis on this notion as individual good. The reason is that in Bourdieu (1986) social capital is linked to the possession of an enduring network of relationship that provide potential [[Resources|resources]], such as information, influence, knowledge or social support. These [[Resources|resources]] represent thus a social capital that can be measured by looking the number of individual's connections, and also the volume of economic, cultural or symbolic capital possessed by each individual's ties (Bourdieu, 1986). Bourdieu's definition is what most is linked with Social Network Analysis (SNA) perspective (Wasserman and Faust, 2001).
 
 
==Current issues==
Many research areas on social capital have thus grown in the last three decades, such as labour market (Lin, 2001; Smith and Young, 2017) and [[Family ties|family]] studies (Widmer, 2006), epidemiology (Valente, 2010), physical and mental health issues (Kawachi and Berkman, 2014; Ehsan et al., 2019). Theoretical and methodological advances have led to the conceptualization of different forms of bonding, bridging or linking social capital to understand the transmission of support (Rostila, 2011) or information (Granovetter, 1985) and how contacts link individuals to authorities (Szreter and Woolcock, 2004). SNA has contributed substantially to the conceptualization of these mechanisms (Burt, 2010), and it has now been considered a roadmap to strengthen links with the [[Life course|life course]] perspective (Alwin et al., 2018; Bidart et al., 2020; Vacchiano and Spini, 2021) and to extend inquiries on social capital to the digital world (Lu and Hampton, 2017). In addition, there is increasing emphasis among scholars on extending the analysis of what is called the 'dark side of social capital', and how networks can be a source of [[Vulnerability|vulnerability]] through conflicts and barriers to [[Resources|resources]] (Everett and Borgatti, 2014). Recent Lives work has proposed to conceptualize social capital as [[Reserves|reserves]] (Cullati et al., 2018). 
 
Authors: Mattia Vacchiano, Dario Spini, Olga Ganjour, Eric Widmer

==References==
Alwin, Duane F., Diane H. Felmlee, and Derek A. Kreager. 2018. ''Social Networks and the Life Course. Integrating the Development of Human Lives and Social Relational Networks''. Basel: Springer International Publishing. 
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. In ''Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education'' , edited by J. G. Richardson (pp. 241-58). New York : Greenwood. 
Bidart, C., Degenne, A., & Grossetti, M. (2020). Living in networks: The dynamics of social relations. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. 
Burt, R. S. (2010). ''Neighbor Networks''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
Burt, R. S. (1992). ''Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition''. Cambridge:Harvard Univesrity Press. 
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. ''American Journal of Sociology'', 94, S95-120. 
Cullati, S., Kliegel, M., & Widmer, E. D. (2018). Development of reserves over the life course and onset of vulnerability in later life. Nature Human Behaviour, 2, 551–558. 
Ehsan, A., Klaas, H. S., Bastianen, A., & Spini, D. (2019). Social capital and health: A systematic review of systematic reviews. ''SSM-population health'', 100425 
Everett, M., & Borgatti, S. (2014). Networks containing negative ties. ''Social Networks'', 38(1): 111–120. DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2014.03.005 
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness. ''American Journal of Sociology'', 91(3):481-510. 
Lin, N. (2001). ''Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action''. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. 
Lu,W., & Hampton, K. N. (2017). Beyond the power of networks. ''New Media & Society'', 19(6), 861–879. doi:10.1177/1461444815621514 
Kawachi, I., & Berkman, L. F. (2014). Social capital, social cohesion, and health. ''Social Epidemiology'', 2, 290–319. 
Putnam, R. D. (2000). ''Bowling Alone. The Collapse and Revival of AmericanCommunity''. New York: Touchstone. 
Rostila (2011). The facets of social capital. ''J. Theory Soc. Behav.'', 41 (3), 308- 326. 
Smith, S. S., & Young, K. A. (2017). Want, need, fit: The cultural logics of job-matching assistance. ''Work and Occupations'', 44(2), 171–209. 
Spini, D., Bernardi, L. & Oris, M. (2017). Vulnerability Across the LifeCourse. ''Research in Human Development'', 14:1, 1-4, DOI: 10.1080/15427609.2016.1268891 
Szreter, S. and Woolcock, M. (2004). Health by Association? Social Capital, Social Theory, and the Political Economy of Public Health.''International Journal of Epidemiology'' 33(4), 650–667. 
Vacchiano, M. and Spini, D. (2021) Networked lives. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 51:
87–103. 
Wasserman, S., and Katherine F. (1994). ''Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications''. New York: Cambridge University Press. 
Widmer, E. (2006). Who are my family members? Bridging and binding social capital in family configurations. ''J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh.'' 23, 979–998. 

==Semantic network visualisation==
Click to activate zoom- and drag-fonctionnality
''(scroll to zoom, drag nodes to move, click and hold nodes to open next level)''
{{#network:
| class = col-lg-3 mt-0
| exclude = Main Page ; Sitemap ; Worksheet
}}

Social capital

2021-04-22T08:04:51Z

Vacchianom:

The notion of social capital expresses the idea that networks of relationships, in their multiple forms, have an intrinsic value that is beneficial for individual and collective action. Since the appearance of this concept in the academic field, studies on social capital have grown exponentially in different body of literature, thus constituting a vast and heterogeneous production. Although the positive effect of networks is a classic issue in social sciences—e.g., a subject already addressed by Tönnies' Gemeinschaft/Gesellschaft debate or in the Durkheimian concept of anomie—the conceptualization of social capital provided new vitality to the study of social relationships starting from the late 80's. In addition, the exponential growth of social capital analyses made this concept goes beyond the academic barriers, capturing the interest of the institutional discourse and the political agenda (Portes, 1998).
 
 
==Origin of the concept==
Three authors are considered the main contributors to the initial disclosure of the concept of social capital: Robert Putnam, James Coleman and Pierre Bourdieu. For Putnam (2000) social capital is an expression of societal virtues. Communities with fruitful webs of connections, Putnam (2000) argues, generate a "stock" of social [[Resources|resources]] that facilitate the societal coordination, and that can also help individuals to achieve their purposes. Similarly, for Coleman (1988) the relationships within a community have a specific function: they facilitate agents’ actions to accomplish goals and needs. Compared to these perspectives, Bourdieu's vision on social capital put major emphasis on this notion as individual good. The reason is that in Bourdieu (1986) social capital is linked to the possession of an enduring network of relationship that provide potential [[Resources|resources]], such as information, influence, knowledge or social support. These [[Resources|resources]] represent thus a social capital that can be measured by looking the number of individual's connections, and also the volume of economic, cultural or symbolic capital possessed by each individual's ties (Bourdieu, 1986). Bourdieu's definition is what most is linked with Social Network Analysis (SNA) perspective (Wasserman and Faust, 2001).
 
 
==Current issues==
Many research areas on social capital have thus grown in the last three decades, such as labour market (Lin, 2001; Smith and Young, 2017) and [[Family ties|family]] studies (Widmer, 2006), epidemiology (Valente, 2010), physical and mental health issues (Kawachi and Berkman, 2014; Ehsan et al., 2019). Theoretical and methodological advances have led to the conceptualization of different forms of bonding, bridging or linking social capital to understand the transmission of support (Rostila, 2011) or information (Granovetter, 1985) and how contacts link individuals to authorities (Szreter and Woolcock, 2004). SNA has contributed substantially to the conceptualization of these mechanisms (Burt, 2010), and it has now been considered a roadmap to strengthen links with the [[Life course|life course]] perspective (Alwin et al., 2018) and to extend inquiries on social capital to the digital world (Lu and Hampton, 2017). In addition, there is increasing emphasis among scholars on extending the analysis of what is called the 'dark side of social capital', and how networks can be a source of [[Vulnerability|vulnerability]] through conflicts and barriers to [[Resources|resources]] (Everett and Borgatti, 2014). Recent Lives work has proposed to conceptualize social capital as [[Reserves|reserves]] (Cullati et al., 2018). 
 
Authors: Mattia Vacchiano, Dario Spini, Olga Ganjour, Eric Widmer

==References==
Alwin, Duane F., Diane H. Felmlee, and Derek A. Kreager. 2018. ''Social Networks and the Life Course. Integrating the Development of Human Lives and Social Relational Networks''. Basel: Springer International Publishing. 
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. In ''Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education'' , edited by J. G. Richardson (pp. 241-58). New York : Greenwood. 
Burt, R. S. (2010). ''Neighbor Networks''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
Burt, R. S. (1992). ''Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition''. Cambridge:Harvard Univesrity Press. 
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. ''American Journal of Sociology'', 94, S95-120. 
Cullati, S., Kliegel, M., & Widmer, E. D. (2018). Development of reserves over the life course and onset of vulnerability in later life. Nature Human Behaviour, 2, 551–558. 
Ehsan, A., Klaas, H. S., Bastianen, A., & Spini, D. (2019). Social capital and health: A systematic review of systematic reviews. ''SSM-population health'', 100425 
Everett, M., & Borgatti, S. (2014). Networks containing negative ties. ''Social Networks'', 38(1): 111–120. DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2014.03.005 
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness. ''American Journal of Sociology'', 91(3):481-510. 
Lin, N. (2001). ''Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action''. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. 
Lu,W., & Hampton, K. N. (2017). Beyond the power of networks. ''New Media & Society'', 19(6), 861–879. doi:10.1177/1461444815621514 
Kawachi, I., & Berkman, L. F. (2014). Social capital, social cohesion, and health. ''Social Epidemiology'', 2, 290–319. 
Putnam, R. D. (2000). ''Bowling Alone. The Collapse and Revival of AmericanCommunity''. New York: Touchstone. 
Rostila (2011). The facets of social capital. ''J. Theory Soc. Behav.'', 41 (3), 308- 326. 
Smith, S. S., & Young, K. A. (2017). Want, need, fit: The cultural logics of job-matching assistance. ''Work and Occupations'', 44(2), 171–209. 
Spini, D., Bernardi, L. & Oris, M. (2017). Vulnerability Across the LifeCourse. ''Research in Human Development'', 14:1, 1-4, DOI: 10.1080/15427609.2016.1268891 
Szreter, S. and Woolcock, M. (2004). Health by Association? Social Capital, Social Theory, and the Political Economy of Public Health.''International Journal of Epidemiology'' 33(4), 650–667. 
Wasserman, S., and Katherine F. (1994). ''Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications''. New York: Cambridge University Press. 
Widmer, E. (2006). Who are my family members? Bridging and binding social capital in family configurations. ''J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh.'' 23, 979–998. 

==Semantic network visualisation==
Click to activate zoom- and drag-fonctionnality
''(scroll to zoom, drag nodes to move, click and hold nodes to open next level)''
{{#network:
| class = col-lg-3 mt-0
| exclude = Main Page ; Sitemap ; Worksheet
}}