Life domains

In the life course literature, spillover effects occur when life domains influence each other. Decisions, events, and transitions in the work domain for instance may affect family configuration or health. We refer to crossover effects when the effects of life events and transitions go beyond, or cross, the life trajectory of the individual concerned and diffuse to related individuals such as members of his or her social network. For instance, temporary or permanent health problems of one member of the family may require various adaptation in the work and leisure activities of other family members.

The study of the determinants and consequences of life course transitions is challenging due to the several interdependencies across life domains and across related individuals. The Life Course Cube (Bernardi, Huinink and Settersten 2019) proposes a graphic representation of the complexity of the relationships that characterize the life of an individual. The axes of the cube represent three key dimensions: time, domains, and levels. The interconnection between those axes represent the individual behavior over time while interacting across levels (“micro”, “meso” and “macro”) and across life domains.

The interdependence across life domains means that decisions and events happened in one domain may have a strong influence into other life domains, creating spillover effects. For instance, the combined effect of family and working life on wellbeing (Comolli, Bernardi, and Voorpostel, 2020); the simultaneity of working and family life decisions across generations (Bolano and Bernardi, 2020); the link between working uncertainty and family formation decisions (Bolano and Vignoli, 2020); geographical mobility and professional and family careers (Semeraro, 2018); the difficulties of multiple goal pursuit (Freund, 2007). Spillover effects can also been seen as the resources generated or drained by one life domain that facilitate or hinder actions and well-being in another life domain (Bernardi, Bollmann, Potarca, and Rossier, 2017; Freund, Knecht, and Wiese, 2014). Negative spillovers may spread the consequences of hazards across life spheres (Pin and Spini, 2016; Widmer, Girardin, and Ludwig, 2017), whereas positive spillovers may trigger resilience or produce synergies (Ihle et al., 2016; Shane and Heckhausen, 2016). In the upcoming LIVES book, an entire section is dedicated to the interdependences across life domains.

The life course of an individual is characterized by interactions between levels (i.e., macro-meso-micro interaction) as well as within levels (e.g., across individuals). The interdependence across individuals indicates that changes in one person’s life patterns may lead to changes in other people’s lives as well, bringing to a dependence in the attitudes and behaviours of members of the same group or network (household, working place). These types of interactions are crossover effects. For example, studies have shown that fertility behaviour might spread across friends and generations (Bernardi, 2016). Studies have shown the mutual influences of couple’s member on fertility decisions (e.g., Hanappi et al. 2017; Testa and Bolano 2019), health (Lam and Bolano, 2018), migration and adaptaion (Ravasi, Salamin, and Davoine, 2015).

References

Bernardi, L., Bollmann, G., Potarca, G., & Rossier, J. (2017). Multidimensionality of well-being and spillover effects across life domains: How do parenthood and personality affect changes in domain-specific satisfaction? Research in Human Development, 14(1), 26-51.
Bolano, D., and Bernardi, L. (2020). Transition to Grandparenthood and Early Retirement: Interdependencies of Life Domains across Generations. Unpublished
Bolano, D., and Vignoli, D., (2020). First Union Formation in Australia: Actual Constraints or Perceived Uncertainty? DISIA Working Paper, 2020/07
Bernardi, L. (2016). The intergenerational transmission of fertility. In Emerging trends in the social and behavioral sciences (pp. 01-16). Hoboken US: John Wiley & Sons 10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0413
Bernardi, L., Huinink, J., and Settersten Jr, R. A. (2019). The life course cube: A tool for studying lives. Advances in Life Course Research, 41.
Comolli, C.L, Bernardi, L. and Voorpostel, M. (2020). Joint family and work trajectories and multidimensional wellbeing. Under review.
Freund, A. M., Knecht, M., & Wiese, B. S. (2014). Multidomain engagement and self-reported psychosomatic symptoms in middle-aged women and men. Gerontology, 60(3), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1159/000358756
Freund, A. M. (2007). Differentiating and integrating levels of goal representation: A life-span perspective. In B. R. Little, K. Salmela-Aro, & S. D. Phillips (Eds.), Personal project pursuit: Goals, action, and human flourishing (pp. 247–270). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Hanappi, D., Ryser, V-A., Bernardi L., and Le Goff, J-M. (2017). Changes in Employment Uncertainty and the Fertility Intention–Realization Link: An Analysis Based on the Swiss Household Panel. European Journal of Population, 33(3):381-407 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-016-9408-y
Ihle, A., Grotz, C., Adam, S., Oris, M., Fagot, D., Gabriel, R., & Kliegel, M. (2016). The association of timing of retirement with cognitive performance in old age: The role of leisure activities after retirement. International Psychogeriatrics, 28(10), 1659–1669. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610216000958
Lam, J., and Bolano, D. (2018). Social and productive activities and health among partnered older adults: A couple-level analysis. Social Science & Medicine https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.04.016
Pin, S., & Spini, D. (2016). Impact of falling on social participation and social support trajectories in a middle-aged and elderly European sample. SSM - Population Health, 2, 382–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.05.004
Ravasi, C., Salamin, X., and Davoine, E. (2015). Cross-cultural adjustment of skilled migrants in a multicultural and multilingual environment: An explorative study of foreign employees and their spouses in the Swiss context. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(10), 1335-1359
Semeraro, R. (2018) Migratory Life-Courses and Social Networks. Peruvian Men and Women in Switzerland. PhD thesis, University of Lausanne.
Shane, J., & Heckhausen, J. (2016). Optimized Engagement Across Life Domains in Adult Development: Balancing Diversity and Interdomain Consequences. Research in Human Development, 13(4), 280–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427609.2016.1234308
Testa, M.R., and Bolano, D. (2019). Intentions and Childbearing in a cross-domain life course approach: the case of Australia. VID Working Papers 01/2019
Widmer, E. D., Girardin, M., & Ludwig, C. (2017). Conflict Structures in Family Networks of Older Adults and Their Relationship With Health-Related Quality of Life. Journal of Family Issues, 0192513X1771450. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X17714507